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阿雷格里《求主怜悯》

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 《Miserere Mei, Deus》

 

剑桥大学-国王学院诗班:

作者:格雷戈里奥·阿雷格里(Gregorio Allegri,1582—1652)

作品简介:

这首《Miserere Mei, Deus》是17世纪意大利人格雷戈里奥·阿雷格里为《旧约》诗篇51篇所谱的著名合唱曲。

 

15世纪时,梵蒂冈建立起专职的教皇合唱团,凡遇宗教节日和举行重要仪式,都在著名的西斯廷教堂(Cappella Sistina)演唱。本曲作者阿雷格里就是教皇合唱团成员。他从小喜爱音乐,参加合唱,曾跟佐凡尼·纳尼诺(Giovanni Maria Nanino)学作曲。因其惊人的音乐天赋,更是得到当时圣座首席大乐师、纳尼诺的老师、大名鼎鼎的音乐家帕勒斯屈那(Palestrina)的赏识,并收为义子,得到大师真传。年仅25岁便在罗马城郊的一所教堂任首席乐师,数年后回到罗马,成为义父的接班人。他为西斯廷教堂的圣座唱诗班创作。1629年在他47岁时,阿雷格里加入教皇合唱团,他谱写的《求主怜悯》(Miserere Mei, Deus)就是为复活节前一礼拜的仪式而作。1630年,当时的乌尔班八世教宗听到犹如天籁的此曲以后,爱到极点,下敕令,此曲只准许在西斯廷教堂咏唱,作为耶稣受难圣周结束大弥撒的终曲。于是这首神秘的《求主怜悯》乐谱便在梵蒂冈成为机密文件,严格禁止任何人将此乐谱抄写外传,违犯禁令者必受革出教门的重罚。

但是,1770年,一位来自奥地利的14岁天才少年——才华洋溢的莫扎特和他父亲在欧洲各国演奏,所到之处,颇受主教和王公贵胄们垂青。这年4月初,莫扎特父子二人冒着绵绵细雨,由佛罗伦萨南下,翻过萨巴蒂尼山来到罗马。抵达罗马时在1770年4月11日,正是复活节前一个礼拜三。他们先到圣城梵蒂冈的圣彼得教堂,见其廊柱穹窿,宏伟壮丽,不禁赞叹不已。之后他们又到西斯廷教堂,那里有万千烛光,映照出拉斐尔所绘圣母和穹顶上米开朗基罗所绘壁画杰作。这一晚在烛光下举行祈祷仪式(Tenebrae),由教皇合唱团最后演唱的作品,正是阿雷格里的《求主怜悯》。教皇和众多教士们绝没有想到,在参加祈祷仪式的众人之中,竟有一位十多岁的少年有如此的音乐天才、机敏和勇气,会打破教廷对圣乐的垄断,莫扎特听完演唱后回到寓所,竟然凭他非凡的记忆将全部乐谱默写出来,并在周五重新听一边后作了修正。教宗惊讶之余降福于这位上帝的宠儿,于是同意莫扎特把这首乐曲带出教堂。从此,阿雷格里的神秘之曲走出梵蒂冈的大院,成为至今传唱得最广泛的圣乐作品之一。莫扎特的父亲为此颇感骄傲,在写给莫扎特母亲的信中,他兴奋地说,沃尔夫冈已经将教廷秘不示人的乐曲写了下来,但“既然这是罗马的秘密之一,我们不想让它落入他人之手。”直到今天,人们还没有发现莫扎特这份手稿。那一年夏天,莫扎特为诗篇第51首谱写了他自己的《求主怜悯》(Miserere Mei, Deus)[作品编号K85],其中可以明显见出阿雷格里的影响。

1831年,德国的门德尔松得到阿雷格里的《求主怜悯》的乐谱,成为德国第一个认识此曲的人。他把原曲的五部合唱作品进行了改写,使这部作品如虎添翼。随后,李斯特也发表了他的版本。

1963年,英国剑桥大学国王学院第一次把这首歌曲进行录音,轰动一时。

 

这首乐曲全用人声,没有任何乐器伴奏,由一远一近两个合唱队演唱,分五个声部,加上四位独唱,一共九声部。这九个声部此起彼伏,交织错落,在宽阔深厚的背景上,又有飘逸的高音似乎毫不费力地渐升渐高,直升到一个极高的C音,就好像一片亮光,由平静的海面升上去,一直升到云端,升到天上,直带我们的心灵进入天国之门。听过此曲的人“都认为这不像是人声,而像空中天使的声音,是任何别的地方都不可能听到的声音。”这九部互相交错的声音又各守其位,严格遵从精确对位的原则,其整体效果是一种完美的和谐,虽然有独唱的高音,却绝不使人觉得有某一声部格外突出。到乐曲最后部分,九个声部合为一体,达到圆满纯净的统一。其实这首合唱曲使人印象深刻的,固然是那飘逸的高音(soprano),却也有那深厚的低音(bass),用叙述般平缓乃至单调的旋律,唱出赞美诗的乐句。这种平缓的唱法(chant)是欧洲中世纪以来宗教音乐的传统,而在文艺复兴时代变得更为复杂纯熟。

 

另据音乐史家研究,阿雷格里的原谱并没有高C音的独唱声部,那动人心魄的高音声部很可能是另一位作曲家增加的花饰(embellimento)。但那花饰并非巴洛克时代作品,而是文艺复兴时期的古朴风格,其时教皇合唱团一惯在演唱当中,对简单的乐句加以变化,增加多部和声。因此这高C音的独唱即便不是阿雷格里原作,也是按原谱依照一定章法变化而来,绝非演唱时的即兴发挥。许多高音独唱的乐句 [如incerta et occulta sapientiae (祢在我隐密处,必使我得智慧)],在合唱队深厚铺垫的基础上,仿佛并非凡间之声。所以无论此曲原谱的历史真相如何,现在所有的演唱和录音都采用包括这高C音独唱声部的形式。

 

歌词:诗篇51

 

Miserere mei, Deus, secundum magnam misericordiam tuam.et secundum multitudinem miserationum tuarum; deleiniquitatem meam.

Have Mercy On Me, O God, according to thy great mercy. and according to the multitude of Thy tender mercies; blot out my iniquity.
神啊!求你按你的慈爱怜恤我,按你丰盛的慈悲涂抹我的过犯。
 
Amplius lava me ab iniquitate mea; et a peccato meo munda me.
Wash me from my iniquity; and cleanse me of my sin.
求你将我的罪孽洗除净尽,并洁除我的罪。
 
Quoniam iniquitatem meam ego cognosco; et peceatum meum contra me est semper.
For I acknowledge my iniquity; and my sin is always before me.
因为我知道我的过犯,我的罪常在我面前。
 
Tibi soli peceavi, et malum coram te feci; ut justificeris in sermonibus tuis, et vincas cum judicaris.
Against only thee have I sinned, and done evil in Thy sight; that thou mayest be justified in thy sentence, and fair in thy judgment.
我向你犯罪,惟独得罪了你,在你眼前行了这恶;以致你责备我的时候,显为公义;判断我的时候,显为清正。
  
Ecce enim in iniquitatibus conceptus sum; et in peccatis concepit me mater mea.
For behold, I was conceived in sin; and in sin my mother conceived me.
我是在罪孽里生的,在我母亲怀胎的时候,就有了罪。
 
Ecce enim veritatem dilexisti; et occulta sapientiæ tuæ manifestasti mihi.
For behold, thou hast loved truth; and thy hidden wisdom thou hast shown me.
你所喜爱的,是内里诚实;你在我隐密处,必使我得智慧。
 
Asperges me, Domine, hyssopo, et mundabor; lavabis me, et super nivem dealbabor.
Thou shalt sprinkle me with hyssop, and I shall be cleansed; thou shalt wash me, and I shall be made whiter than snow.
求你用牛膝草洁净我,我就干净;求你洗涤我,我就比雪更白。
 
Auditui meo dabis gaudium et lætitiam; et exsultabunt ossa humiliata.
Thou shalt make me hear of joy and gladness; and the bones thou hath crushed shall rejoice.
求你使我得听欢喜快乐;使你所压伤的骨头可以踊跃。
  
Averte faciem tuam a peccatis meis; et omnes iniquitates meas dele.
Turn away thy face from my sins; and blot out all my iniquities. 
求你掩面不看我的罪;涂沫我一切的罪孽。
 
Cor mundum crea in me, Deus; et spiritum reotum innoara in visceribas meis.
Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a steadfast spirit within me.
神啊!求你为我造清洁的心;使我里面重新有正直的灵。
 
Ne projicias me a facie tua; et spiritum sanctum tuum ne auferas a me.
Cast me not from thy presence; and take not thy holy spirit from me.
不要丢弃我,使我离开你的面;不要从我收回你的圣灵。
 
Redde mihi lætitiam salutaris tui; et spiritu principali confirma me.
Restore unto me the joy of thy salvation; and strengthen me with thy spirit.
求你使我仍得救恩之乐;赐我乐意的灵扶持我。
 
Docebo iniquos vias tuas; et impii ad te convertentur.
I will teach the unjust thy ways; and the wicked shall be converted to thee.
我就把你的道指教有过犯的人;罪人必归顺你。
  
Libera me de sanguinibus, Deus, Deus salutis meæ; et exsultabit lingua mea justitiam tuam.
Deliver me from blood guilt, O God, the God of my salvation; and my tongue shall extol thy justice.
神啊!你是拯救我的。神,求你救我脱离流人血的罪;我的舌头就高声歌唱你的公义。
 
Domine, labia mea aperies; et os meum annuntiabit laudem tuam.
Thou shalt open my lips, O Lord; and my mouth shall declare thy praise.
主啊!求你使我嘴唇张开;我的口便传扬赞美你的话。
 
Quoniam si voluisses sacrificium, dedissem; utique holocaustis non delectaberus.
For thou didst not desire sacrifice; a burnt offering, for if I offered it, it would not please thee.
你本不喜爱祭物;若喜爱,我就献上,燔祭你也不喜悦。
 
Sacrificium Deo spiritus contribulatus; cor contritum et humiliatum, Deus, non despicies.
The sacrifice of God is an afflicted spirit; a contrite and humbled heart, O God, thou shalt not despise.
神所要的祭,就是忧伤的灵;神啊!忧伤痛悔的心,你必不轻看。
 
Benigne fac, Domine, in bona voluntate tua Sion; ut ædificentur muri Hierusalem.
Deal favorably, O Lord, in thy good will with Sion; that the walls of Jerusalem may be built up.
求你随你的美意善待锡安;建造耶路撒冷的城墙。
  
Tunc aceeptabis sacrificium justitiæ, oblationes et holocausta; tunc imponent super altare tuum vitulos.
Then shalt thou accept the sacrifice of justice, oblations and whole burnt offerings; then shall they lay calves upon thine altars.
那时,你必喜爱公义的祭和燔祭,并全牲的燔祭;那时,人必将公牛献在你坛上。

(以下英文歌词译本 取自于 1662年公祷书)

 

Have mercy upon me, O God, after Thy great goodness,

According to the multitude of Thy mercies, do away my offenses.

Wash me throughly from my wickedness; and cleanse me from my sin.

For I acknowledge my faults, and my sin is ever before me.

Against Thee only have I sinned, and done this evil in Thy sight; that Thou mightest be justified in Thy saying, and clear when Thou art judged.

Behold, I was shapen in wickedness; and in sin hath my mother conceived me.

But to, Thou request truth in the inward parts; and shalt make me to understand wisdom secretly.

Thou shalt purge me with hyssop, and I will be clean; Thou shalt wash me, and I will be whiter than snow.

Thou shalt make me hear of joy and gladness; that the bones which Thou hast broken may rejoice.

Turn Thy face from my sins; and put out all my misdeeds.

Make me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me.

Cast me not away from Thy presence; and take not Thy Holy Spirit from me.

O give me the comfort of Thy help again; and stablish me with Thy free Spirit.

Then shall I teach Thy ways unto the wicked; and sinners shall be converted unto Thee.

Deliver me from blood-guiltiness, O God, Thou that art the God of my health; and my tongue shall sing of Thy righteousness.

Thou shalt open my lips, O Lord; and my mouth shall shew Thy praise.

For Thou desirest no sacrifice, else would I give it Thee; but Thou delightest not in burnt-offerings.

The sacrifice of God is a troubled spirit; and a broken heart and contrite heart, O God, shalt Thou not despise.

O be favourable and gracious unto Sion; build Thou the walls of Jerusalem.

Then shalt Thou be pleased with the sacrifice of righteousness, with the burnt-offerings and oblations; then shall they offer young calves upon Thine alter.

 

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