明清彩瓷--五彩、斗彩、粉彩、珐琅彩、广彩如何区分
五彩
为瓷器釉上彩品种之一,主要着色剂为铜、铁、锰等金属盐类。在已烧成的瓷器上,用多种彩料绘画图案,再在彩炉中经770?800℃低温二次烧成。烧成后的色彩呈玻璃状有坚硬的质感,又称“硬彩”,是相对于粉彩而言。五彩是景德镇窑在宋元釉上彩器的基础上发展而来。明洪武时期已有青白釉红绿彩标本,宣德时期采用了釉下青花与釉上五彩相结合,如西藏萨迦寺的青花五彩莲池鸳鸯纹碗。成化五彩多为釉上彩,很少用青花相衬。嘉靖五彩主要是青花五彩,色彩鲜艳。万历五彩,以其图案繁密,色泽浓艳著称。清代五彩以清初康、雍二朝为最佳,康熙蓝彩浓艳程度超过青花,黑彩如黑漆一般,器物色彩鲜艳,光泽透明。雍正五彩设色浅淡,釉色闪青。雍正以后因为粉彩的盛行,五彩很少被烧造,生产出的瓷器也多为仿明五彩而出现,故又被称为“古彩”。
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斗彩
斗彩始于明宣德,但实物罕见。成化时期的斗彩最受推崇,明清文献中也称之为成“窑彩”或 "青花间装五色"。传世成化斗彩瓷器图案绘画简练,内容主要是花鸟、人物。它的做法是先用青花在白色瓷胎上勾勒出所绘图案的轮廓线,罩釉高温烧成后,再在釉上按图案的不同部位,根据所需填人不同的彩色,一般是3至5种,最后入彩炉低温烧成。按照专家陈万里先生的意见,成化斗彩又可以分为点彩、覆彩、染彩、填彩等几种。成化斗彩除个别的大碗外,多数造型小巧别致,有盅式杯、鸡缸杯、小把杯等。还有一种绘有海马或团花的盖罐,底有一"青花"字。
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粉彩的描绘,着色技法是比较复杂细致的,一般如画,彩,填,洗,扒,吹,点等技法。其所用工具有画笔,填笔,洗笔,彩笔,笃笔,赤金笔,金水笔,玛瑙笔,扒笔等许多特制笔。
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珐琅彩
瓷胎画珐琅是珐琅彩瓷的正式名称。是专为清代宫廷御用而特制的一种精细彩绘瓷器,部分产品也用于犒赏功臣。据清宫t造办处<的文献档案记载,其为康熙帝授意之下,由造办处珐琅作的匠师将<铜胎画珐琅之技法成功地移植到瓷胎上而创制的新瓷器品种。珐琅彩盛于雍正、乾隆年间,属宫廷垄断的工艺珍品。所需白瓷胎由景德镇<御窑厂特制,解运至京后,在清宫造办处彩绘、彩烧。所需图式由造办处如意馆拟稿,经皇帝钦定,由宫廷画家依样画到瓷器上。珐琅彩瓷创烧于康熙晚期,雍正、乾隆时盛行。清代后期仍有少量烧制,但烧造场所已不在清宫中而移至景德镇。初期珐琅彩是在胎体未上釉处先作地色,后画花卉,有花无鸟是一特征。康熙朝珐琅彩瓷器多以蓝、黄、紫红、松石绿等色为地,以各色珐琅料描绘各种花卉纹,其色彩、绘画、款式皆同于当时的铜胎画珐琅。
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